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Examining the urban morphology and defensive mechanisms of Dutch Malacca via topology, space syntax, and sDNA under the framework of CPTED theory

Published Online: 2025-07-25

Authors

Li, Weicong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3565-6619
Mahdzar, Sharifah Salwa Syed

Khaidzir, Khairul Anwar Mohamed
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Article History

Received: 29 December 2023

Accepted: 20 June 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required as the study did not involve human participants.

: Informed consent was not required as the study did not involve human participants.

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