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Authors
Bi, Chongwu
Cui, Xinyu https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5779-5928
Sun, Zhuo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7808-1416
Jin, Yan
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Article History
Received: 25 April 2024
Accepted: 20 June 2025
First Online: 7 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Approval was obtained from the School of Information Management of Zhengzhou University in October 15, 2023. All experiments are completely anonymized and voluntary and no sensitive information is required. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study before the experiments. This process was initiated by clearly communicating the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits to the participants. Each participant was informed that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any point without facing any repercussions. Consent was documented in writing, with participants signing consent forms. The consent forms and process were reviewed and approved by the School of Information Management of Zhengzhou University, ensuring adherence to ethics standards for informed consent (Date: October 15, 2023).
