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Article History

Received: 9 August 2024

Accepted: 20 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study, including its methodology, participant recruitment, and data collection procedures, was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of School of Foreign Studies at Anhui University (AUSFS240411) on April 11, 2024.

: In this online survey study, informed consent was obtained electronically from all individual participants between June 1, 2024 and June 30, 2024. Before participation, the participants were informed about the objectives of the study, the confidentiality of their responses, no risk on the study, and their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. They were required to actively click a clear consent option to proceed with the survey, confirming their understanding and voluntary participation. This informed consent specifically covered participation in the study, the use of their submitted data for research purposes, and the academic publication of findings derived from this data. All collected data were anonymized to protect participant identity and ensure confidentiality.