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Article History

Received: 14 August 2024

Accepted: 20 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments, meeting the criteria for exemption from formal ethical review under China’s Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission, 2023; ) as it involved only anonymous questionnaire data collection without sensitive content or human experimentation. Following institutional research governance standards, the protocol received approval from the Research Committee of Minzu Normal University of Xingyi (approval number: 2024SS003; date of approval: 18 January 2024). The study design ensured participant protection through comprehensive anonymization measures that minimized risks of physical or psychological harm, privacy breaches, or commercial conflicts.

: This study employed the online survey platform for data collection. Before accessing the questionnaire, all respondents received comprehensive information regarding the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the scope of informed consent. Informed consent was obtained separately for both survey waves. The first wave occurred from 4 to 10 March 2024, and the second from 25 to 31 March 2024. Respondents confirmed consent by selecting the agreement option before proceeding to the survey. Rigorous confidentiality protocols were implemented throughout the study, including guarantees of complete anonymity, strict limitations on data usage for academic research purposes only, and explicit assurances that no participant information would be shared with third parties.