Updates are available Correction dated 2025-08-15

Article History

Received: 27 February 2025

Accepted: 20 June 2025

First Online: 15 July 2025

Change Date: 15 August 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05609-x

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study utilized publicly available secondary data, including city-level socioeconomic statistics and official policy documents. All procedures performed in this research adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and complied with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. As the study did not involve direct interaction with human participants or the collection of identifiable private information, formal ethical approval was not required.

: Since this study analyzed aggregated and anonymized secondary data from public sources, obtaining informed consent from individuals was not applicable. The data sources used ensure confidentiality and do not contain any personal identifying information.