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Article History

Received: 2 July 2024

Accepted: 23 June 2025

First Online: 1 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the university. Ethical clearance and approval [Reference No. HR 288-2022] were granted by East China Normal University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) on 5th May, 2022.

: Verbal and signed consent to participate was sought from the principal Liu Shuai, vice principal Zhang Yang, four young and middle-aged teachers, and four urban retired teachers in Guang Ming Primary School, Lin Xia Prefecture, Gansu Province, China. For the Liu Shuai, vice principal Zhang Yang, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview on March 6 and March 7, 2024; for Li Tao, Chen Qing, Luo Shuang, Lei Jun, Mao Yan, Zou Jian, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview between March 8 and March 17, 2024; for Zhang Huan and Liu Chang, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview on April 12, 2025.