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Article History

Received: 6 September 2024

Accepted: 23 June 2025

First Online: 7 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin University (Date: August 24, 2022/Number: TJUE-2022-293).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between September 19, 2022, and April 27, 2023. Participants consented to take part in the study and to the use of their data for publication. They were fully informed that their anonymity would be maintained, that their data would be used exclusively for research purposes, and that their participation posed no risks. All data were recorded using Arabic numerals without any identifying information, such as names.