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Article History

Received: 17 June 2024

Accepted: 25 June 2025

First Online: 11 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was not required. The research data is publicly accessible and anonymous, sourced from public data. It does not contain identifiable information. According to the policy of the corresponding author’s university (Toronto Metropolitan University) Research Ethics Board (REB), ethical approval is not required for research using exclusively secondary anonymous information as long as the data linkage, recording, or dissemination processes do not reveal identifiable information.

: Data used in this study were publicly available from Yang, D., Qu, B., Yang, J., & Cudré-Mauroux, P. (2021). LBSN2Vec + +: Global-scale Check-in Dataset with User Social Networks (Version 1) [Data set]. 4TU.ResearchData. . Since data are being reused from prior publications, such as: (1) Dingqi Yang, Bingqing Qu, Jie Yang, Philippe Cudre-Mauroux, Revisiting user mobility and social relationships in LBSNs: A hypergraph embedding approach, In Proc. of The Web Conference (WWW'19). May. 2019, San Francisco, USA. (2) Dingqi Yang, Bingqing Qu, Jie Yang, Philippe Cudre-Mauroux, LBSN2Vec + +: heterogeneous hypergraph embedding for location-based social networks, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering (TKDE), 2020 The consent was assumed to have been obtained by the prior publications.