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Authors
Ning, Guangjie
Huang, Wei-Chiao
Ma, Junlong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Social Science Foundation of China (23& ZD043)
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2024
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 9 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
: This study utilizes de-identified survey data from China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS), a publicly available repository maintained by the National Health and Family Planning Commission of China.
