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Article History

Received: 24 October 2024

Accepted: 25 June 2025

First Online: 8 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Academic Committee of the School of Foreign Languages of Chengdu Normal University (Reference No. SFLRA-2023001) on 10 January 2023.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on 9 March 2023, prior to their involvement in the study. The consent process included a detailed explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, data usage, and participants’ rights, including voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent was documented in writing and collected directly from adult participants who were legally capable of providing consent independently. No third parties were involved in the process. All data were collected and processed anonymously, and no personally identifiable information was recorded or disclosed. Participants were given the opportunity to ask questions and seek clarification before providing consent. The study did not involve any vulnerable populations, and no financial or material incentives were offered for participation.