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Article History

Received: 9 March 2024

Accepted: 26 June 2025

First Online: 12 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and ethically approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Northern University Bangladesh (Approval Number: 2023-005-028) on 15 April 2023. The ethical approval specifically covers the research procedures and data collection activities conducted for this study.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Consent was obtained using a standardized written form, signed by each participant before participation in the survey. Consent was collected between 25 June and 10 July 2023 by the corresponding author. Each participant was clearly informed, in writing, about the objectives and scope of the study, their voluntary participation, their right to withdraw from the study at any stage without any consequences, and the measures taken to ensure anonymity and confidentiality. The consent covered participation in the survey, the use of data for academic research purposes, and the publication of aggregated findings. No vulnerable individuals (such as minors or legally protected groups) were involved in this study. All procedures were conducted in accordance with ethical research principles for non-interventional social science studies.