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Authors
Zhao, Lingya
Xu, Ling
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Article History
Received: 18 April 2024
Accepted: 4 July 2025
First Online: 22 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
: This study utilized a publicly available dataset and conducted a secondary data analysis. Therefore, informed consent from participants was not required, nor was approval from the Institutional Review Board.
: In the data collection of the CLASS (China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey) survey, all participants signed the informed consent at the time of participation.
