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Article History

Received: 2 June 2024

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 13 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee of the School of Economics & Management, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan (Approval # HBEU/SEM/2022/12-472), dated December 15, 2022. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study, in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Data collection occurred between December 20, 2022, and May 28, 2023, using a structured survey. Prior to accessing the questionnaire, participants were presented with an information page outlining the study’s purpose, voluntary participation terms, anonymity protocols, and the exclusive use of data for academic research. This page made it clear that respondents could withdraw at any stage without consequence and that no personally identifiable information would be recorded. To proceed, participants were required to provide explicit consent by writing “Yes” on the page. Only those who consented were granted access to the full questionnaire. This procedure ensured informed consent was obtained prior to any screening or substantive items.