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Article History

Received: 15 August 2024

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 21 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The procedures used in this study adhered to the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study was not medical research nor regarded human experimentation, and the questions in the questionnaire did not have any adverse effect on the rights and health status of the respondents and participants, ethical approval was not required for this questionnaire-based study according to the biomedical ethics committee of the Hefei University of Technology in 14th November 2022. Furthermore, all respondents and participants were at least 18 years old and consented to participate in the research study by completing the questionnaire. The information collected is anonymous and used for research purposes only.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all the respondents prior data collection in December 2022 to March 2023. The consent was obtained directly by the research team from older adult respondents, and it covered participation in the study, use of data for research purposes, and permission for publication of anonymized data. All respondents were fully informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the measures to ensure anonymity and confidentiality.