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Article History

Received: 12 September 2024

Accepted: 4 July 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The study was approved on June 10, 2021, by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the authors’ affiliated institution (Approval No. GZHU2021012) and was conducted in accordance with relevant ethical standards, including the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. All participants’ personal data were anonymized, and survey responses were handled with strict confidentiality. Online questionnaire data were collected through encrypted channels with access limited to the research team, and offline survey forms were securely stored and digitized in a protected manner. These measures ensured that participant privacy and data security were safeguarded throughout the study.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, between September 1 and September 24, 2021, for both participation in the study and the publication of anonymized data and research findings. For participants under legal age or those requiring assistance, written informed consent was obtained from their legal guardians or next of kin.