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Authors
Núñez-Sánchez, José M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-8551
Ahumada-Tello, Eduardo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1698-5126
Gálvez-Ruiz, Pablo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7659-1113
Molina-Gómez, Jesús https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6458-862X
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2024
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 24 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval for the research was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee (CEIH) of the University of Granada under protocol number 2694/CEIH/2022, on May 24, 2022. All procedures involving human participants complied with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and conformed to the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration.
: Quantitative data: this research utilized secondary data published by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), a public research institution under the authority of the Ministry of the Presidency, Justice, and Relations with Parliament of the Spanish Government. We understand that the CIS complies with all applicable legal and ethical standards regarding data protection and participant confidentiality. Further information on their data protection policies is available on their official website.
