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Article History

Received: 12 November 2024

Accepted: 10 July 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the College of Foreign Languages at Ocean University of China, in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of the Declaration of Helsinki. The original approval number is OUCIRB2023005, and approval was granted on 20 December 2023. The approval covers all procedures involving participant recruitment, data collection, and analysis. Later, data collection showed that the sample exhibited a significant gender imbalance, which rendered the inclusion of gender as a variable statistically inappropriate and potentially misleading. As a result, the gender variable was excluded from the final analysis to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. The retrospective approval (Approval no. OUCIRB2024011) was obtained to formally document this change.

: Consent was obtained in March of 2024 through written form, conducted by the second author, from all participants. The informed consent covers participation in the study as described, the use of data specifically for academic analysis and publication, and consent to publish anonymized results derived from participants’ data. All participants were fully informed that their responses would remain anonymous, with no personally identifiable information collected. They were assured that their data would be used solely for academic purposes.