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Article History

Received: 30 April 2024

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 31 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All the experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards for studies with human subjects, and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Review Panel of the European Commission as part of the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 748062 (EC signature date: 30 March 2017). The Pilot Study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards and guidelines of the LINEEX lab; the Main Study was carried out through an online platform and followed all relevant ethical policies for the recruitment and participation of human subjects.

: Informed consent was obtained electronically from all study participants as part of the survey, prior to the beginning of the experimental tasks, on the same date each individual took part in the study. Because data collection spread across several days, for brevity reasons we report here the date ranges during which informed consent was collected: in the Pilot Study, consent was obtained between November 9 and 14, 2020 in Denmark, and between November 25 and 26, 2020 in Italy; in the Main Study, consent was obtained between August 13 and November 19, 2024 in Italy, between November 23 and December 2, 2024 in Denmark, and on November 7 and December 7, 2024 in the UK. The consent screen included information on the purpose of the study, data handling, anonymity, payment, and contact details. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants could only proceed to the experimental tasks by confirming agreement with all the terms shown on the screen through a required click. The full consent form, exactly as it appeared to participants, is included in the experimental instructions provided in the Supplementary Material.