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Article History

Received: 21 November 2024

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 18 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and received formal approval from the Academic Ethics Committee of the School of Physical Education and Sports at Chongqing Technology and Business University (CTBU) (Approval No. CTBU-PES-20240801; Date: 20 August 2024). The scope of approval encompasses the research protocol, data collection methodologies, and participant risk management strategies. All experimental procedures were implemented under strict adherence to institutional ethical guidelines, with anonymization protocols systematically applied to ensure data confidentiality. The complete ethical approval documentation is available in the “Related Files” section for verification.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants by the principal investigator (WL) on 1 November 2024 through structured disclosure protocols, explicitly confirming their voluntary participation in this non-interventional study involving anonymized surveys and questionnaires. The consent process included full disclosure of research objectives, guaranteed anonymity through randomized coding systems, transparent explanation of data usage strictly for academic purposes, and confirmation of zero foreseeable physical or psychological risks. Signed consent forms were preserved in physical format, stored separately from research data in a secured repository compliant with CTBU archival regulations (Ethics No. CTBU-PES-20240801), with access limited to the principal investigator and ethics auditors.