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Article History

Received: 15 January 2024

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 31 July 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was approved by the committee review board of School of Educational Sciences of Chongqing Normal University on January 6, 2022 (Ethics approval number: ECE-CQNU20220106). The scope of the approval included the purpose and content of this study, the investigating procedure and participants.

: In the instructions of the questionnaire for this study, while collecting data from January 6 to May 23 in 2022, we have explicitly informed all participants that: (1) The survey is anonymous, ensuring the confidentiality of each participant; (2) The purpose and value of this research; (3) The collected data will be used solely for research purposes and analyzed at an aggregate level, without individual analysis of any participant’s data; (4) Participation in this questionnaire survey is voluntary, and respondents may withdraw their consent at any time.