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Article History

Received: 30 August 2024

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of University of Gdańsk (Date 06.07.2021, No. 1000/128/2021).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants between 28 and 30 January 2022. Before starting the questionnaire on the Prolific platform, each participant was asked to provide their consent. All participants were adults, and their participation was entirely voluntary. The informed consent statement was as follows: “We are inviting you to take part in a research study. This form will tell you about the study and ask for your consent. You do not have to participate if you do not want to. If you decide to participate, we will ask you to answer survey questions. We anticipate that answering the questions will take ~15 min. The goal of this project is to learn more about how people make decisions about different aspects of their lives. The outcomes of this research may not benefit you directly. However, your participation may benefit others. Your participation may help us better characterize how decisions are made, develop new analytical approaches, and decision-making aids. We will share our findings with other scientists and policy makers worldwide. We anticipate minimal risks and only the minor discomfort that might accompany online surveys. When you start, this survey will store your answers and browser information on the PsyToolkit server. The responsibility for this survey rests entirely with the researcher(s) listed above. Click here if you do not want to participate now. We will not be able to identify you as an individual. Your information in this study will be confidential. Only the researchers on this study will see the collected data. No reports or publications will use information that can identify you in any way as being a participant in this study. Your responses will be de-identified, and the collected data will be aggregated for analysis and publication purposes. Please confirm that you want to participate in this survey. Your information (including computer IP) will be stored and might be used for research.” Next, the participant confirmed their consent by checking the confirmation checkbox by the statement: “I understand the conditions of this study.”