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Article History

Received: 13 November 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 21 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study only involved low-risk surveys and interviews. All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. According to the Medical Ethics Committee of the Department of Psychological and Behavioural Sciences at Zhejiang University, an automatic exemption was applied at the start of the research (May 5th, 2023). The committee oversees university-wide ethical review for research related to psychology and education. This is allowed under Article 32 of the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings, which were jointly issued by China’s National Health Commission, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Science and Technology, and the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine ().

: For this study, informed consent was obtained in a manner appropriate to the research method. Interviews: Oral consent was obtained from each participant prior to the interviews, which were conducted between 8 and 20 May 2023. The consent process was recorded as part of the audio recording of the conversation. These recordings were stored securely to ensure the confidentiality of the participants. Surveys: Written consent was obtained via the cover page of the questionnaire, which participants were asked to review before completing the survey. The survey was administered on-site between 8 and 12 May 2023 via an electronic questionnaire platform. The digital questionnaire results and participants’ feedback on consent were stored securely to ensure confidentiality. Both the oral and written consent forms clearly outlined participants’ rights, including the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. They also detailed the guarantee of anonymity, the reasons for conducting the research, the scope and intended use of the data collected, and the assurance that the data would only be used for academic publication purposes. All measures adhered to ethical standards to protect the privacy and integrity of participants.