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Article History

Received: 3 April 2025

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was granted ethical approval by the Law School of Chongqing University (approval decision number: 220110), China, on January 10, 2022. The data were obtained via online questionnaire, with collection conducted from January 14, 2022 to January 19, 2022. The study strictly adhered to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Respondents' names, identification, addresses, or any other identifying information were not requested. The anonymity and confidentiality of all participants were maintained throughout the research process. Participation was entirely voluntary, and all respondents were fully informed of the study's objectives and procedures before consenting.

: Informed consent was obtained from participants during the data collection period from January 14, 2022 to January 19, 2022. The informed consent encompassed the research subject, purpose, procedures, confidentiality measures, voluntary participation principles, and inquiry procedures. Respondents indicated their willingness to provide informed consent through an online questionnaire confirmation mechanism before answering questions, with the option to withdraw at any time prior to submission. Participants were assured of their anonymity, with the commitment that no personally identifiable information would be collected.