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Article History

Received: 11 July 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. As it involved only the collection of anonymous questionnaire data without sensitive content or human experimentation, the Research Committee of the School of Business and Management at Jilin University granted an exemption for this study in accordance with Chinese Measures for Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Beings (National Health Commission, 2023; ) (exemption approval number: 20240116; approval date: January 16, 2024).

: All participants provided written informed consent prior to their participation, explicitly agreeing to take part in the study, allowing their data to be used for analysis and permitting the publication of the results. The two experiments were conducted on 26 February and 7 March 2024, respectively. Before each experiment began, the researchers provided the participants with the necessary information and gave a verbal explanation to ensure they fully understood the study’s procedures and content. Participants were informed that the experiments involved no risk, and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without facing any negative consequences. Confidentiality and anonymity were also guaranteed, and all responses were used solely for academic purposes.