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Article History

Received: 4 August 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 20 October 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria. The approval number is EC-UOEB/23-092, granted on March 5, 2023. All research activities involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the institutional guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The scope of the approval included voluntary participation of university students in a writing-focused educational intervention, the use of anonymized written texts, and follow-up analysis for research purposes.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Consent was obtained in March 2023, after ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee, using a standard written form. Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any point without penalty. The consent form also specified that the data collected (written texts and anonymized feedback) would be used solely for research purposes and publication. All participants were assured that their identities would remain confidential and that their responses would be anonymized in any dissemination of results.