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Article History

Received: 31 August 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 8 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of North China University of Technology (approval number: 20220420SEM06) on April 20, 2022. The procedures used in this study adhere to the 1964 Helsinki Declaration.

: Prior to the study (conducted May 12–28, 2022), all participants received detailed information about the study’s purpose and procedures via a consent form. They were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time. Informed consent was obtained online from all participants before commencement. This consent covered participation and the use of collected data for academic and research purposes.