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Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 23 July 2025

First Online: 31 July 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures performed involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved as ethically appropriate by the Kütahya Dumlupınar University Social Sciences and Humanities Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Board, with the decision dated 27 July 2023 and numbered E-67750228-050.01.04-214132.

: Following ethics committee approval, legal guardians (parents) of all participants were comprehensively briefed on the study’s purpose, procedures, voluntary nature, confidentiality protocols, and potential risks. Participants and their guardians were explicitly informed that involvement was entirely voluntary, withdrawal was permitted at any time without penalty, and data would be used anonymously for scientific purposes only. As participants were aged 9–10 years, written informed consent was obtained from all legal guardians on 8 September 2023, prior to data collection and implementation of study procedures. The consent process adhered to ethics committee-approved standards and the Declaration of Helsinki.