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Article History

Received: 27 November 2024

Accepted: 25 July 2025

First Online: 5 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Human Research, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University (study no. 170/65E; approval date: November 22, 2022).

: Electronic written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study. Participants who agreed to take part were required to click an “I Agree” button after reading a detailed information sheet that outlined the nature, purpose, procedures, potential risks, and anticipated benefits of the study. This consent process was conducted from February 9 to June 30, 2023, before any data collection began. All collected data have been anonymized and are stored securely. Only aggregated results are presented in the findings to ensure confidentiality and protect participant identities.