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Hiding behind the curtain: performance information and public officials’ policy instrument preferences in visible and invisible domains

Published Online: 2025-09-24

Authors

Qin, Zengqiang

Zhang, Jinfeng

Liu, Bingsheng
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Special Funds for Basic Research Operating Costs of Central Universities of Southwest University of Finance and Economics (JBK2406097)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-09-24

Version of Record valid from 2025-09-24
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Article History

Received: 13 November 2024

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 24 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The survey experiment described in this paper received IRB approval (CZLS2022041-A) from the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects at Chongqing University. The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The application for ethical approval was submitted on February 15, 2022, and the approval was granted on February 21, 2022.

: All participants provided informed consent via mouse click. The informed consent was obtained during the period of data collection, which lasted from May 28 to June 17, 2022. Participants were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time by closing the browser tab.

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