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Article History

Received: 28 November 2024

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 20 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: In preparing this manuscript, the authors used ChatGPT, Quillbot, and Grammarly to assist with language enhancement and grammar checking. ChatGPT and Quillbot were employed to improve the clarity and flow of the text, while Grammarly was used to refine grammar and style. All AI-generated or AI-assisted content was thoroughly reviewed and edited by the authors to ensure accuracy, coherence, and alignment with the study’s objectives. The authors take full responsibility for the final content of the manuscript.

: This study was ethically reviewed and approved by the Department of Graduate Council of Postgraduate Programs (CPGP) at Haramaya University on April 26, 2024 (Ref. No. PPD/ድፕዳ 18/843/16). Since Haramaya University does not currently have a separate Institutional Review Board (IRB), the CPGP serves as the authorized body for overseeing research ethics. The first author, Gemechu Tola Chala (PhD Candidate, ID No. PHD/961/15), obtained this approval as part of his doctoral research in the Department of English Language and Literature. The approval process followed ethical standards equivalent to those outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring that the study met accepted ethical principles for research involving human participants.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on June 24, 2024, after being informed about the intervention’s purpose and procedures, including reflective journal writing and group debriefing as part of regular classroom instructional activities in the Basic Writing Skills course. We assured the participants that their participation or withdrawal would not affect their academic standing, and we strictly maintained confidentiality and anonymity. At the conclusion of the study, Asella College of Teacher Education provided a letter affirming the credibility and academic soundness of the research (Ref. No. KBBA/2-523/61, dated October 4, 2024).