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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, as well as the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. All procedures involving human participants in this study complied with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Committee of Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Approval No. QKDLL-2024-301) on June 7, 2024. As this research did not involve medical procedures or human experimentation, it posed no risk to participants. Data were collected through an online survey, and all information was kept strictly confidential and anonymous, used solely for research purposes.

: Informed consent was obtained on June 26, 2024, during the administration of the first wave of questionnaires. Consent was secured through a confirmation question at the beginning of the questionnaire, ensuring that participants had read and understood the consent statement before proceeding. Participants were clearly informed that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. They were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly maintained, with no personally identifiable information collected. The consent encompassed participation in the study, the use of collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish aggregated findings. All data were de-identified during collection and processing and were used exclusively for research analysis.