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Authors
Zhang, Lu
Gong, Jiaying
Yang, Yu
Li, Jing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42471200, 42130712)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42471200, 42130712)
National Bureau of Statistics of China (No.2024ZX10)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFF0809304)
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Article History
Received: 1 November 2024
Accepted: 29 July 2025
First Online: 27 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.
: This was not required, as outlined in the ethical statement.
