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Article History

Received: 6 November 2024

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 29 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study received ethics approval from the Research Review Committee of the School of Management, Ocean University of China (Approval No. 20230311EA) on March 11 2023. The research was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its subsequent amendments or similar ethical standards. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the institutional and national ethical standards for research.

: All participants received comprehensive information prior to participating in the study to ensure they could make an informed decision. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, procedures, potential risks and benefits, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. Participation was entirely voluntary, and no personally identifiable information was collected. All data were anonymized and analysed in aggregate form to ensure participant privacy. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the commencement of the interviews and questionnaire surveys, which were conducted from March to May 2023. Additionally, the authors have obtained informed consent from the guardians of the minor respondents to safeguard their rights and ensure their appropriate and responsible contribution to the study. Similar information regarding keeping respondents’ identities anonymous and confidential was provided to the guardians of the minor respondents.