Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 August 2024

Accepted: 30 July 2025

First Online: 16 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Shanghai Jiaotong University (date: Feb. 24th, 2022; approval number: H2022108).

: During the study period (Dec. 2022–Feb. 2023), the research team obtained electronic consent from all participants via the online survey introduction page, prior to their participation. The introduction page gave full information of the research, including research purpose, use of data (i.e., to be analyzed in aggregate forms and published in academic journals with no identifiable personal information), benefits (i.e., a random compensation between 2 and 5 RMB) and potential risks (i.e., minimal risks) of participation and the right to withdraw both during and after finishing the survey. Participants indicated informed consents to participation by pressing the “Agree” button on the introduction page before they could proceed to the survey questions.