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Article History

Received: 8 November 2024

Accepted: 6 August 2025

First Online: 23 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study involved secondary analysis of anonymized human participant data originally collected under ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University (Approval No. ZSTU2021-084; 18 March 2021). All original procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and the ethical principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The approved scope encompassed the collection and academic reuse of de-identified survey responses; no personally identifiable information was accessed or processed in the current analysis.

: Written consent was obtained in person by the study’s trained research assistants between April and June 2021, when each participant signed a standardized consent form. This form explained the study’s objectives, assured anonymity and confidentiality, detailed participants’ right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and explicitly granted permission for anonymized data (including illustrative quotations) to be used in future academic analyses and publications. All signed consent documents are securely archived in accordance with institutional policy.