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Article History

Received: 12 February 2025

Accepted: 7 August 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in line with all ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was received from the Educational Sciences Ethics Committee at Ataturk University in Turkiye (Date: 30.03.2023/Approval number: 16).

: The participants were Turkish EFL students enrolled in a preparatory classroom at Atatürk University. All participants provided written informed consent between April and June 2023. The scope of the consent included their voluntary participation in the study, the use of their written products as research data, the use of their reflection papers (including metaphor prompts), and the publication of their data as part of academic research outputs. Participants’ confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained throughout the study, and all data were used solely for research purposes.