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Authors
Zhu, Mengyi
Ji, Guoping
Sun, Yuan
Jeyaraj, Anand
Yang, Bo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Project of Humanities and Social Sciences in Colleges and Universities of Jiangxi Province (GL23201)
Social Science Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province (24GL54)
Science and Technology Research Project of the Education Department of Jiangxi Province (GJJ2401406)
Project of High-level Talent Introduction of the Scientific Research of the Nanchang Institute of Technology (2022kyqd038)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72172143)
Major Project of National Social Science Fund of China (21&ZD119)
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Article History
Received: 30 December 2024
Accepted: 8 August 2025
First Online: 21 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, meeting the criteria for exemption from formal ethical review under China’s Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Humans (National Health Commission, 2023; ) as it involved only anonymous questionnaire data collection without sensitive content or human experimentation. Following institutional research governance standards, the ethics committee of the School of Business Administration of Nanchang Institute of Technology, after examining the questionnaire and methodology in this study on March 6, 2023, determined that ethical approval was exempted/waived for this questionnaire-based study (No exemption number was issued, Date of exemption: March 6, 2023). Further, all respondents were at least 18 years old and consented to participate in the research study by completing the questionnaire. The data collected is strictly confidential, anonymous, and used for research purposes only.
: Written informed consent was obtained from participants on the date they agreed to participate in the study through the online survey platform (from March 15, 2023 to March 29, 2023). Consent was secured through a question that confirmed participants’ understanding of the study and their agreement to participate. The consent includes comprehensive information regarding the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of participation, the right to withdraw at any time without penalty, data use, and consent to publish the results. The study did not recruit any vulnerable individuals or minors. Participants received no payment or other incentives. Data were anonymous throughout the collection and processing phases and were only utilized for research purposes. The study did not present any risk to participants due to its non-interventional nature.
