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Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 13 August 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study is a non-interventional, observation-based ethnographic research project. It complies with institutional ethical standards and internationally recognized ethical guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of KU Leuven under number G-2023-7315, from January 15, 2024, to January 15, 2028. This ethical approval encompasses all aspects of the research, including the recruitment of participants, the collection of empirical material, and the analysis of the data. Furthermore, this study was conducted in accordance with the school’s principles of ethical and respectful conduct towards pupils and teachers as stated in the school regulations of Eureka Leuven.

: The observations were conducted from February 23 to March 22, 2024. Before the observations and the initiation of the collection of empirical material, the researcher sought and obtained the consent of the participants (school leader, teachers, pupils and their parents) for them to participate in the study. Informed consent and consent for the use of data have been requested and obtained from all participants at the beginning of February 2024 for the entire project period (until January 2028). The parents of the pupils, the pupils, the teachers, and the school leader were asked to read, complete, and sign a consent form. The observers were asked to give their consent via personal email in early February 2024 for the entire project period (until January 2028). All observers received a detailed set of instructions on appropriate conduct during the observations. All participants and observers voluntarily participated in the study with the researcher’s assurance of anonymity.