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Authors
Guan, Pianpian
Xu, Xiufen
Huang, Peiling
Shen, Mofei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72102052, 72102052, 72102052, 72102052)
Guangdong Educational Science Planning Project (2019GXJK016, 2019GXJK016, 2019GXJK016, 2019GXJK016)
Guangdong Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (GD19CDL17, GD19CDL17, GD19CDL17, GD19CDL17)
College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program of GDUFS (X202311846084, X202311846084, X202311846084, X202311846084)
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Article History
Received: 25 October 2024
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the School of Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, and with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was granted by the IRB on March 6, 2023, under approval number [GDUFS-SOB20230302]. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with these ethical standards.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in the study during the period of January 2024 to March 2024. Prior to participation, detailed information about the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits was provided to both the adolescents and their parents. Consent forms were signed by both the adolescents and their parents or legal guardians, ensuring voluntary participation and the right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty.
