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Article History

Received: 10 November 2024

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethical approval was obtained from the Scientific Ethics Committee of Huazhong Agricultural University (Approval No. HZAUHU-2022-0027) on July 10, 2022. The Scientific Ethics Committee of Huazhong Agricultural University operates independently and complies with internationally recognized standards for ethical oversight. The written informed consent form was reviewed and approved by the committee prior to any contact with participants or data collection.

: After receiving ethical approval on July 10, 2022, members of the research team conducted fieldwork from July 13 to July 30, 2022, in Jianshi County, Xianfeng County, Yunxi County, Yunyang District (formerly Yun County), and Xiaochang County. The study complied with all relevant local laws and institutional policies in the regions where the fieldwork was conducted. Before each questionnaire-based interview, participants were provided with a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, and content, both verbally and through the cover page of the questionnaire. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants on the same day, immediately before each interview. Participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. Consent forms were physically attached to the completed paper questionnaires and securely stored. Paper records will be retained for five years, while electronic data will be stored indefinitely on encrypted servers. All participant data were anonymized to protect privacy and ensure confidentiality. Data are stored in digital format, with access limited to the principal investigator and authorized members of the research team. Any future requests for data access will be reviewed and approved internally by the research team. This study did not involve any vulnerable populations. All participants voluntarily agreed to participate and consented to the use of their data for academic research purposes. A compensation of 10 RMB was provided to each participant upon completion of the entire survey and questionnaire.