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Authors
Dutta, Kumar Debasis
Saha, Mallika
Sarder, Md. Mamun
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2024
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve human participants or identifiable personal data. It was conducted entirely using publicly available, fully anonymized secondary data from the World Bank Open Data platform (). As such, ethical approval was not required. The Institutional Ethics Committee of Patuakhali Science and Technology University reviewed the research protocol and confirmed that no formal ethics approval was necessary, as the study did not involve human subjects. This confirmation was issued on 13 July 2025, under reference number PSTU/IEC/2025/27. The authors affirm that the study complies with institutional and national research ethics standards and adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).
: The study did not involve human participants or the collection of personal data; therefore, informed consent was not required. All data used were fully anonymized and obtained from publicly available sources, in accordance with ethical standards for the use of open-access data.
