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Article History

Received: 11 December 2024

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, including its subsequent amendments and other relevant ethical guidelines. It received approval from the Ethics Committee of Nanjing University of Science and Technology (NJUST) on July 20, 2022, with the approval number NJUST-20220720. The approval covered the project’s research content, design, methods, and participant types, ensuring full compliance with ethical standards for studies involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants from August to September 2022. The consent form clearly outlined the study’s purpose, the scope of data collection, and the agreement to the publication of the research results. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be maintained, and that the collected data would be used exclusively for research analysis and not disclosed to third parties. They were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. As the study involved non-interventional research, participants were assured that there were no foreseeable risks associated with their participation.