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Authors
Han, Peisong
Li, Liang
Xu, Mengjie
Tian, Yujia
Wang, Zekun
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Article History
Received: 17 January 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The data employed in this study were obtained from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The CFPS dataset is a secondary dataset, so ethical approval was obtained by the CFPS project team, not by the authors of this paper. The CFPS project and its data collection procedures were granted ethical approval by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB PU). The ethical approval number is IRB00001052-14010.
: The informed consent of CPFS project can be found here: .
