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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 29 August 2025

Change Date: 14 October 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: In this article the affiliation detail for Rugaia Omer Ahmed Hassan were incorrectly given as '1Department of Business Administration, College of business, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Information system, Applied college, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia' but should have been '2Department of Information system, Applied college, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia'.

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable national regulations. Ethical clearance was granted by the Research Ethics Committee at the Department of Business Administration, College of Sciences and Arts, Tathleeth, University of Bisha. The approval covered all aspects of participant recruitment, informed consent, data collection, and data protection. The approval number is 2971339, and the approval was formally granted on 15 March 2020. The scope of approval included research involving human participants through a structured questionnaire, focusing on non-sensitive organizational and managerial aspects. No physical or psychological risks were posed to participants.

: Written informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants before any data were collected. Consent was captured on the first page of the online questionnaire via a required “I agree” checkbox in Google Forms during the data-collection window 15 May 2021–30 July 2021. Before proceeding, participants were informed about the study purpose and procedures (~2 min), the voluntary nature of participation, their ability to skip any question, and their right to withdraw at any time before submission without consequences. No direct identifiers (e.g., names, emails, IP addresses) were collected; responses were anonymous and are reported only in aggregate. The consent covered participation in the study, use of de-identified data for academic research, and publication of aggregated findings. No incentive was offered.