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Authors
Zhu, Wenwen
Xu, Xintong
Ke, Sihui
Chen, Tianxu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Foundation of China (No. 22BYY162)
2023 Research Project on International Chinese Education by Center for Language Education and Cooperation (No. 23YH84C)
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Article History
Received: 3 December 2024
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 28 August 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Research Ethics Committee, School of Linguistic, Speech and Communication Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (May 12, 2023; No. HT41). All research activities were carried out in compliance with the relevant guidelines applicable to studies involving human participants.
: Informed consent was obtained in written form directly from participants during the data collection period from June 15, 2023, to August 1, 2023. All participants gave informed consent electronically prior to participating in the study. The participants whose consent was obtained were adult native speakers of English, Vietnamese or Thai. All participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without consequences. The informed consent covered the research purpose, the test components, the target participants, data protection and privacy measures, as well as the participants’ rights.
