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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was waived by the University College London Department of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Public Policy Local Research Ethics Committee on October 6, 2021, based on the following exemption category: “Research involving the use of non-sensitive, completely anonymous (not collecting any personal information which includes contact details and details through consent forms and attributing the gathered data to individuals/organisations) educational tests, survey and interview procedures (as long as you are not making audio/video recordings of the conversations) when the participants are not defined as “vulnerable” and participation will not induce undue psychological stress or anxiety.”

: The research team provided all study participants with information on the study’s aims, voluntary participation and withdrawal, and the complete anonymisation of their data in the email invitation. Prior to starting the online survey, conducted between May 2 and June 17, 2022, study participants received a detailed participant information sheet outlining the research objectives, sampling procedures, voluntary participation and withdrawal, potential benefits and risks, GDPR-compliant data management procedures, contact information for the project managers and data protection officers, and publication goals. The research team obtained informed consent in writing. After reviewing the participant information sheet, study participants declared their consent by clicking to begin the survey. Consent covered participation in the study, the use and anonymisation of their data by the specified organisations, and the publication of aggregate analyses of participant data. No vulnerable individuals or minors were included in this study.