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Article History

Received: 6 January 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. The present study utilized secondary data provided by the Major Strategic Research Project, which was conducted in 2011 by the Science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of Education of China. The project was entitled “Strengthening Basic Research in Universities and Enhancing Independent Innovation Capacity — Reform and Innovation of the Scientific Research System in Chinese Universities”. The data presented in this study was printed in the book titled “Investing in the Nation’s Future: Theoretical and Empirical Research on University Basic Research” (Su Jun, He Jinqiu, Huang Cui, Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, ISBN 9787300150475, 2012).

: This study utilized secondary data provided by the Major Strategic Research Project conducted in 2011 by the Science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of Education of China. The original data collection by the Science and Technology Commission of the Ministry of Education of China included appropriate informed consent procedures for all participants. No additional informed consent was required for this secondary analysis.