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Article History

Received: 13 September 2024

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 28 August 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study titled “Questionnaire of the influencing factors of tourist loyalty in camping destinations” was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the School of International Business and Tourism, Anhui Business College. The full study protocol—including the survey instrument and the online informed consent procedure—was submitted for ethical review. After careful evaluation, the committee granted formal approval on February 10, 2024, without requesting any amendments or imposing additional conditions. The committee confirmed that the research complied with China national regulations, institutional research ethics policies, and the Declaration of Helsinki (2013). The study did not involve any vulnerable populations, and no personally identifiable or sensitive data were collected.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. In line with national regulations and institutional policies, written (signed) consent was not required. Instead, an online consent process was embedded at the beginning of the questionnaire. Participants were presented with a detailed instruction page outlining: (i) voluntary participation and the right to withdraw at any time without consequence; (ii) confidentiality and anonymity, with no identifiable information collected; (iii) the academic-only purpose of data use; (iv) data protection measures, including password-secured local storage accessible only to the research team; and (v) that the consent interface had been pilot-tested for clarity and accessibility. Only those who clicked “Agree and Continue” were able to proceed. The informed consent procedure and data collection were conducted between 9 and 28 March 2024, and were fully approved by the ethics committee on 10 February 2024 as part of the reviewed protocol.