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Article History

Received: 8 June 2024

Accepted: 20 August 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was reviewed and granted full approval on September 2, 2023, by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (上海财经大学伦理审查委员会), a formally recognized ethics committee constituted in compliance with international standards for ethical oversight. The ethical approval explicitly covered all aspects of the research protocol, including participant recruitment procedures, the informed consent process, all data collection instruments, protocols for data handling, storage, and the dissemination of results. The study was conducted in strict accordance with the principles outlined in the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between October 13, 2023, and November 10, 2023. The consent document, which was reviewed and approved in full by the IRB for its clarity and comprehensibility, detailed the research objectives, data collection methods, and consent for the publication of results. It explicitly guaranteed participant anonymity, confidentiality, and the exclusive use of data for academic research purposes, with no disclosure to any third parties. Participants were advised of their voluntary participation and right to withdraw at any time without penalty. As this was a non-interventional study, the document also informed participants that there were no foreseeable risks associated with their involvement. The form provided clear contact details for both the principal investigator and the IRB for any further questions or concerns.