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Authors
Liu, Wenting
Li, Yijia
Zhang, Lidong
Xie, Yuyang
Zhao, Jin
Guan, Hongyu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Shaanxi Provincial Social Science Foundation (2023P023)
Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation, Ministry of Education (24JDSZK198)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72103114)
Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project (B16031)
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2024
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 29 September 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Research ethics approval for data collection in the China Educational Panel Survey (CEPS) dataset was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Renmin University, PR China. The survey was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The consent was deemed not necessary. This study used the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) data, and this data is fully open to the academic community. ().
